besides, except, but, except for

(1) besides的意思是“除……之外还有”,该介词后面所表示的人或物等也包括在总数内。Ten of us passed besides Tom. (= Tom passed too.)(2) except的意思是“不包括在内,除去”,该介词后面所表示的人或物等不包括在总数内。All of us passed except Tom. (= Tom did not pass.)它的后面除接名词和代词外还可以接介词、副词或以that、when引导的从句。He has always been in good health except in the past few days quite recently I that he had a slight headache in the past few days / when he had a headache.(3) but作“除外”的意思有一些限制,它只能用在no one, none, all, nobody everyone, everything, who, what, where等之后,而except的限制很少。(4) except for表示“除外”一般是指后面所除开的内容与前面的内容具有所属关系或后面的部分对前面部分在细节上加以修正。如果后面的东西与前面的东西属于同类语,则用except。The essay is well written except for a few mistakes in the last paragraph.文章写得很好,除了最后一段几个小错误以外。The wall was bare except for someone posters.墙上除了几张海报外光秃秃的。We come to school every day except Sunday.除了星期天外,我们天天上学。(5) apart from既可表示besides的意思又可表示except for的意思。Apart from that, all goes well. (Apart from = Except for)除了那之外,一切都很顺利。(6) in addition to有besides的意思。We saw a cartoon in addition to .he cowboy movie.我们看了一部关于牛仔的电影,还看卡通片。(7) other than有except的意思。There's nobody here other than me.